Cymbal / Dzındzğa: Adventure of the Cymbals in the Lands of Rum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8020815Keywords:
Zil/Dzındzğa, Armenians, Ritual, Religion, MusicAbstract
This article discusses the cymbal/dzındzğa, a musical instrument that distinguishes the rituals performed in the Armenian Church from other churches. While no instruments are used in the rituals of the Orthodox Church or the synagogues, the question of why the Armenian Church made cymbals and similar musical instruments a part of the ritual will be taken up in different dimensions. Many stone reliefs, sarcophagi, terracotta cult vessels, figurines, cylinder seals, and wall paintings from the Sumerian era, Ancient Egypt, and Greece include images of men and women playing cymbals. The cymbal was sanctified in Christianity, while the Islamic tarīqats used it in their rites. It has also had a presence in the Ottoman mehter. Within this context, the cymbal was used in religious and funeral ceremonies as a product of the cultural amalgamation in Anatolia. This article discusses the historical and cultural dimensions of the cymbal, which continues to be used in Armenian rituals, one of the oldest communities among the Anatolian peoples that have survived while preserving their culture.
References
Aksoy, Bülent. Avrupalı Gezginlerin Gözüyle Osmanlılarda Musıki. İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık, 2003.
D’Albini, Zsuzsanna. “Changing Iconography in Eleventh– and Twelfth Century Psalters: Miriam’s Dance as an Expression of Personal Devotion.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Central European University, Budapeşte, 2013.
Alp, Sedat. Hititlerde Şarkı, Müzik ve Dans: Hitit Çağında Anadolu’da Üzüm ve Şarap. Ankara: Kavaklıdere Kültür Yayınları, 1999.
Arık, Remzi Oğuz. Türk Tarih Kurumu Tarafından Yapılan Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı: 1935’deki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor. Ankara: TTK, 1937.
Atay, Tayfun. “Gelenek ve Modernlik İlişkisi Ekseninde Türkiye’de Halk Dini Ögeleri ve Senkretik Motifler.” Uluslararası Anadolu İnançları Kongresi Bildirileri: 23-28 Ekim 2000 Ürgüp/Nevşehir, 47-60. Ankara: Ervak Yayınları, 2001.
Ayverdi, İlhan. Kubbealtı Lugatı: Asırlar Boyu Târihî Seyri İçinde Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. 3 c. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2005.
Bachmann, Werner. “Eski Tunç Çağı çalgıları.” I. Uluslararası Tarihte Anadolu Müziği ve Çalgıları Sempozyumu. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 2004.
Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner, 1904.
Betancourt, Philip P. Hagios Charalambos: A Minoan Burial Cave in Crete: I. Excavation and Portable Objects. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2014.
Betancourt, Philip P. and James D. Muhly. “Excavations in the Hagios Charalambos Cave: A Preliminary Report: The Sistra.” Hesperia 77 (2008): 577.
Betancourt, Philip P. and James D. Muhly. “Sistra.” Hagios Charalambos: A Minoan Burial Cave in Crete: I. Excavation and Portable Objects, edited by Philip P Betancourt, CostisDavaras, and Eleni Stravopodi, 269-272. Philadelphia – Pennsylvania: Instap Academic Press, 2014.
Bonanni, Filippo. Gabinetto Armonico: Pieno d’Istromenti Sonori. Roma: Giorgio Placho, M.DCC.XXII [1722].
Bonanni, Filippo. Antique Musical Instruments and Their Players, edited by Frank Ll. Harrison and Joan Rimmer. New York: Dover Publications, 1964.
Bottéro, Jean. “En Eski Tufan Hikâyesi.” Eski Yakındoğu: Sümer’den Kutsal Kitap’a. Hazırlayan Jean Bottéro, 213-225. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2005.
Bottéro, Jean (Akkadcadan çeviren ve aktaran). Gılgamış Destanı: Ölmek İstemeyen Büyük İnsan. Çeviren Orhan Suda. İstanbul: YKY, 2008.
Bottéro, Jean ve Samuel Noah Kramer. Mezopotampa Mitolojisi. Çeviren Alp Tümertekin. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası, 2017.
Bournatian, George A. Ermeni Tarihi: Ermeni Halkının Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış. Çeviren Ender Abadoğlu ve Ohannes Kılıçdağı. İstanbul: Aras, 2006.
Braun, Joachim. Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine: Archaeological, Written, and Comperative Sources. Translated by Douglas W. Scott. Michigan–Cambridge: William B. Erdmans Publishing, 2002.
Bulut, Hülya. “Yeryüzü Cennetleri: Pers Bahçeleri ve Paradeisosları.” Persler: Anadolu’da Kudret ve Görkem, hazırlayanlar Kaan İren, Çiçek Karaöz ve Özgün Kasar, 174-183. İstanbul: YKY, 2017.
Cahenb, Abraham. “Hébreux.” Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire, edited by Albert Lavignac and Lionel de la Laurencie, 67-76. Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1921.
Cameron, Mark A.S. “A General Study of Minoan Frescoes.” PhD diss., University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1975.
Carus, Lucretius. Varlığın Yapısı. Çeviren İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu. c. 1. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Dünya Klasikleri, 2001.
Castaldo, Daniela. “Rappresentazioni dei Kymbala Nella Ceramica Attica.” RidIM/RCMI Newsletter 20, no. 2 (1995): 39-48.
Catullus, Gaius Valerius. Bütün Şiirleri. Çeviren Çiğdem Dürüşken ve Erdal Alova. İstanbul: YKY, 1997.
Clement of Alexandria. The Exhortation to the Greeks, the Rich and Man’s Salvation and the Fragment of an Address Entitled to the Newly Baptized. Translated by G.W. Butterworth. London: Loeb Classical Library, 1968.
Cross, Frank M. and David Noel Freedman. “The Song of Miriam.” JNES 14, no. 4 (1995): 237-250.
Çağman, Filiz. “Glimpses into the Fourteenth-century Turkic World of Central Asia: The Painting of Muhammed Siyah Qalam.” Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600-1600, edited by David J. Roxburgh, 148-189, 409. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005.
Damadyan, Krikor. “Aziz Aydınlatıcı Grigor ve Kayseri’nin Ermeni Kilisesi Bakımından Önemi.” Uluslararası Anadolu İnançları Kongresi Bildirileri: 23-28 Ekim 2000 Ürgüp/ Nevşehir, 185-189. Ankara: Ervak Yayınları, 2001.
Dédéyan, Gérard (der.). Ermeni Halkının Tarihi. Çeviren Şule Çiltaş. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2015.
Dijk-Hemmes, Fokkelien van. “Some Recent Views on the Presentation of the Song of Miriam.” A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy, Guildford, 200-206. Surrey: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
Dinçol, Belkıs. Eski Önasya ve Mısır’da Müzik. İstanbul: Eski Çağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1999.
Dönmez, Şevket. “Oluz Höyük: Kuzey-orta Anadolu’nun Kralî Pers Merkezi.” Güneş Karadeniz’den Doğar: Sümer Atasoy’a Armağan Yazılar, hazırlayan Şevket Dönmez, 103-140. Ankara: Hel Yayıncılık, 2013.
Dönmez, Şevket. Anadolu ve Ermeniler: Kızılırmak Havzası Demir Çağı Toplumunun Doğu Anadolu Yaylası’na Büyük Göçü. İstanbul: Anadolu Öntarih Yayınları, 2016.
Džurova, Axinia. La Miniatura Bizantina: I Manoscritti Miniati e la Loro Diffusione. Translated by Chiara Formis. Milano: Jaca Book, 2001.
Dumbrill, Richard J. The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. Chesire: Trafford Publishing, 2005.
Duygulu, Melih. “Anadolu Ermeni Müziğinde Bölgesel Etkileşimler.” Uluslararası Anadolu İnançları Kongresi Bildirileri: 23-28 Ekim 2000 Ürgüp/Nevşehir, 219-234. Ankara: Ervak Yayınları, 2001.
Eliade, Mircea. Dinler Tarihine Giriş. Çeviren Lale Arslan. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2003.
Eliade, Mircea. Şamanizm: İlkel Esrime Teknikleri. Çeviren İsmet Birkan. Ankara: İmge, 2014.
Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire. Albert Lavignac (fondateur) – Lionel de la Laurencie (director). Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1921.
Engel, Carl. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum. London: South Kensington Museum, 1874.
Erhat, Azra. Mitoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1984.
Erzen, Afif. Doğu Anadolu ve Urartular. Ankara: TTK, 1992.
Euripides. Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus, edited and translated by David Kovacs. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library Harvard University Press, 2003.
Evans, Helen C. and William D. Wixom (ed.). The Glory of Byzantium Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era: A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
Evliya Çelebi b. Derviş Mehemmed Zıllî. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi. Hazırlayan Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı, Robert Dankoff, Zekeriya Kurşun ve İbrahim Sezgin. İstanbul: YKY, 2011.
Franke, Daniël. Museum des Institutes für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften: Teil I: Musikinstrumente. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Gescheichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 2000.
Frankfort, Henri. Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society & Nature. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Galpin, Francis W. The Music of the Sumerians and Their Immediate Successors: The Babylonians & Assyrians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937.
Garsoïan, Nina. “The emergence of Armenia.” Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 37-62. vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
Garsoïan, Nina. “The Aršakuni Dynasty (A.D. 12-[180?]-428).” Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 63-94. vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
Garsoïan, Nina. “The Marzpanate (A428-652).” Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 95-115. vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
Gazimihal, Mahmut R. Türk kerAî s zıMkauları arihTi. İstanbul: Maarif Vekaleti, 1955.
Gazimihal, Mahmut R. Türk Vurmalı Çalgıları: Türk Depki Çalgıları. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1975.
Grosset, René. Başlangıcından 1071’e Ermenilerin Tarihi. Çeviren Sosi Dolanoğlu. İstanbul: Aras, 2005.
Güterbock, H.G. and Timothy Kendall. “A Hittite Silver Vessel in the Form of a Fist.” The Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, edited by Jane B. Carter and Sarah P. Morris, 45-60. Austin: University of Texas, 1995.
Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by Robin Waterfield. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Hickman, Hans. “The Rattle-drum and Marawe-sistrum.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, no. 2 (1950): 2-6.
Hickman, Hans. Musikgeschichte in Bildern Band II: Musik der Altertums: Ägypten. Leipzig: Veb Deutscher Verlag für Musik, [1961].
Hoffner, S.A. “Daily Life Among the Hittites.” Life and Culture in the Ancient Near East, edited by Richard Averback, Mark W. Chavalas and David B. Weisberg, 95-118. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2003.
The Holy Bible: King James version. 1611, 1769.
Hood, Sinclair. “Dating the Knossos Frescoes.” Aegean Wall Painting: A Tribute to Mark Cameron, edited by Lyvia Morgan, 45-81. London: The British School at Athens, 2005.
Hornbostel, Erich M. von, and Curt Sachs. “Classification of Musical Instruments.” Translated by Anthony Baines and Claus P. Wachsmann. The Galpin Society Journal, no. 14 (1961): 3-29.
Howes, David. Sensual Relations: Engaging the Senses in Culture and Social Theory. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2003.
İpşiroğlu, Mazhar Ş. “Bozkır Rüzgârı” Siyah Kalem: Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kitaplığında Bulunan Üstad Mehmet Siyah Kalem’in Resimlerinin Tıpkı Basımı. İstanbul: Ada Yayınları, 1985.
İşhanyan, Rafael. Başlangıcından 2. Yüzyıla Kadar Ermeniler’in Tarihi. Çeviren Sarkis Seropyan. İstanbul: Belge Uluslararası Yayıncılık, 2006.
James, E.O. Myth and Ritual in the Anicent Near East: An Archaeological and Documentary Study. London: Thames and Hudson, 1958.
James, E.O. Seasonal Feasts and Festivals. London: Thames and Hudson, 1961.
Kaçar, Turhan. “Ermeniler Nasıl ve Ne Zaman Hıristiyan Oldu?” XVI. Türk Tarih Kongresi: 20-24 Eylül 2010 Ankara, c. 1. Eski Anadolu Uygarlıkları, 245-254. Ankara: TTK, 2015.
Kerovpyan, Aram ve Altuğ Yılmaz. Klasik Osmanlı Müziği ve Ermeniler. İstanbul: Surp Pırgiç Ermeni Hastanesi Vakfı, 2010.
Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. “Music and Dance in Ancient Western Asia.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 2601-2613. vol. 4. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006.
Kircheri, Athanasii. Musurgia Universalis: Sive Ars Magna Consoni et Dissoni. vol. 1. Roma: 1750.
Kolotourou, Katerina. “Music and Cult: The Significance of Percussion and Cypriote Connection.” Cyprus: Religion and Society from the Late Bronze Age to the End of the Archaic Period: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Cypriote Arcaeology, Erlangen, 23-24 July, 2004, edited by Vassos Karageorghis, Hartmut Matthäus and Sabine Rogge, 183-206. A.G. Leventis Foundation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Institut für Klassische Archäologie, Universität Münster. Institut für Interdisziplinäre Zypern-Studien: Bibliopolis, 2005.
Kolotourou, Katerina. “Musical Rhythms from Tha Cradle to the Grave.” Current Approaches to the Religion in Ancient Greece: Papers Presented at a Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens: 17-19 April 2008, edited by Matthew Haysom and Jenny Wallensten, 169-187. Stockholm: 2011.
Kolotourou, Katerina. “Musico-cultural Amalgamations in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Percussive View from the Aegean.” Talanta: Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, edited by Angelos Papadopoulos, no. 44 (2012): 206-226.
Koşay, Hamit Zübeyr. “Türk Tarih Kurumu Tarafından Alaca Höyük’te 1936 Yazında Yaptırılan Hafriyatta Elde Edilen Neticeler.” Belleten 2 (1937): 525-556.
Koşay, Hamit Zübeyr. Türk Tarih Kurumu Tarafından Yapılan Alaca Höyük Kazısı: 1937-1939’daki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor. Ankara: TTK, 1951.
Kramer, Samuel Noah. History Begins at Sumer: Thirty Nine Firsts in Recorded History. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956.
Kramer, Samuel Noah. Tarih Sumer’de Başlar. Çeviren Muazzez İlmiye Çığ. Ankara: TTK, 1998.
Ksenophon. Anabasis: Onbinlerin Dönüşü. Çeviren Oğuz Yarlıgaş. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2011.
Ksenophon. Kyros’un Eğitimi: Kyrou Paideia. Çeviren Furkan Akderin. İstanbul: Alfa, 2007.
Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma: Tevrat, Zebur, İncil. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003.
Kutsal Kitap Dizini: Geniş Kapsamlı. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2004.
Kutsal Kitap Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2016.
Laborde, Jean-Benjamin de. Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne. vol. 1. Paris: P.D. Pierres, 1780.
Loret, Victor. “Égypte: Note sur les instruments de musique de l’Égypte ancienne.” Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire, 1-34. Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1921.
Lucretius. On the Nature of Things. Translated by W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924.
Maffre, Frédéric. “Pers Hâkimiyeti Altında Anadolu Halkları.” Persler: Anadolu’da Kudret ve Görkem, hazırlayanlar Kaan İren, Çiçek Karaöz ve Özgün Kasar, 52-61. İstanbul: YKY, 2017.
Manniche, Lise. Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum, 1991.
Marinatos, Nanno. “The Ideals Manhood in Minoan Crete.” Aegean Wall Paintings, edited by Lyvia Morgan, 149-158. London: The British School at Athens, 2005.
Marinatos, Spyridon. Crete and Mycenae. New York: Harry N. Abrams, [1960].
Martino, Stefano de. “Music, Dance and Processions in Hittite Anatolia.” Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 2661-2669. vol. 4. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006.
Meyers, Carol. “Miriam the Musician.” A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy, 207-230. Guildford, Surrey: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
MIMO: Musical Instrument Museums Online. http://www.mimo-international.com/MIMO/ (erişim 31 Ağustos 2017).
Montagu, Jeremy. Musical Instruments of the Bible. London: Scarecrow Press, 2002.
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler: XIV-XVII. Yüzyıllar. Ankara: TTK, 1999.
Ors et Trésors d’Arménie [sergi kataloğu]. Edited by Marie-Anne Privat-Savigny, Bernard Berthod [y.y., t.y.].
Özgüç, Tahsin. İnandıktepe: Eski Hitit Çağında Önemli Bir Kült Merkezi. Ankara: TTK, 1988.
Özgüç, Tahsin. Kültepe: Kaniš/Neša: The Earliest International Trade Center and the Oldest Capital City of the Hittites. İstanbul: The Middle Eastern Cultural Center in Japan, 2003.
Özgüç, Tahsin ve Mahmut Akok. “Horoztepe Eserleri.” Belleten 21, s. 82 (Nisan 1957): 201-209.
Özgüç, Tahsin ve Mahmut Akok. Horoztepe: Eski Tunç Devri Mezarlığı ve İskân Yeri. Ankara: TTK, 1958.
Pakalın, Mehmet Zeki. Osmanlı Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlüğü. c. 2. İstanbul: MEB, 1971.
Pekin, Ersu. “Surname’nin Müziği: 16. Yüzyılda İstanbul’da Çalgılar.” Dipnot 1 (2003): 52-90.
Pekin, Ersu. “Müzik Bir Çingene Sanatıdır; Ama…” Metin And’a Armağan, hazırlayan Sabri Koz, 373-403. İstanbul, 2007.
Pélagaud, Fernand. “Syriens et Phrygiens.” Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire, 49-66. Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1921.
Picken, Laurence. Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Pitarakis, Brigitte. “From the Hippodrome to the Reception Halls of the Great Palace: Acclamations and Dances in the Service of Ideology.” The Byzantine Court: Source of Power and Culture: Papers from the Second International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium: Istanbul 21-23 June 2010, edited by Ayla Ödekan, Nevra Necipoğlu and Engin Akyürek, 129-138. İstanbul: Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations [ANAMED], 2016.
Redhouse, James W. A Turkish and English Lexicon: The Shewing in English the Signification of the urkTish ermTs. Constantinople: A.H. Boyajian, 1890.
Rouget, Gilbert. Music and Trance: A Theory of the Relations Between Music and Possession. Translated by Brunhilde Biebuyck. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago, 1985.
Russell, James R. Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Cambridge: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, 1987.
Russell, James R. “The Formation of the Armenian Nation.” Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 19-36. vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
Sachs, Curt. Real-Lexicon er d siMkinustrumente. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Bard, 1913.
Sachs, Curt. World History of The Dance. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1937.
Sachs, Curt. The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1940.
Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. vol. 1. London: Macmillan Press, 1984.
Saka, Mustafa. “Ermeni Musikisi.” Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, 185-186. c. 3. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı, 1994.
Savaş, Savaş Özkan. “‘Fırtına Tanrısının Yumruğu’ Yumruk Biçimli Gümüş Hitit Kabı.” Hayat Erkanal’a Armağan: Kültürlerin Yansıması, editör Betül Avunç, 635-652. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 2006.
Schatkin, Margaret A. “Idiophones of the Ancient World: Description, Terminology, Geographical Distrubution, Functions.” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 21 (1978): 147-172.
Schnabel, Paul. Berossos und die Babylonisch–Hellenistische Literatur. Leipzig–Berlin: B.G. Teubner, 1923.
Sendrey, Alfred. Music in Ancient Israel. New York: Philosophical Library, 1969.
Seropyan, Sarkis. Can Gülüm Anahit ve Kazben: Ermeni Tanrıları Konuşuyor. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 2003.
Seropyan, Vağarşag. Türkiye Ermenileri Patrikliği Patrik Hovhannes Golod Koleksiyonu. İstanbul: Türkiye Ermenileri Patrikliği, 2011.
Seyfeli, Canan. “Erken Ermeni Kaynaklarına Göre Hıristiyanlık Öncesi Ermeni Tanrılar Panteonu.” Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 30 (2011): 139-183.
Showerman, Grant. “The Great Mother of the Gods.” Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin Philology and Literature Series 1, no. 3 (1901): 221-329.
Sipahi, Tunç. “Eine althethitische Reliefvase vom Hüseyindede Tepesi.” İstanbuler Mitteilungen 50 (2000): 63-85.
Simpson, D.P. Cassel’s Latin–English, English–Latin Dictionary. London–New York: Continuum International, 2011.
Soultanian, Gabriel. The History of The Armenians and Mosēs Khorenats’i. London: Bennet&Bloom, 2011.
Stainer, John. The Music of the Bible with an Account of the Development of Modern Musical Instruments from Ancient Types. London: Novello, Ewer & Co., 1900.
Steingass, F. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Springfield: Nataraj Books, 2010.
Strabo. The Geography of Strabo. Translated by Duane W. Roller. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2014.
Strassler, Robert B. (ed.). The Landmark Herodotus. London: Quercus, 2008.
Streck, M. Streck. “Ermeniye.” İslâm Ansiklopedisi. c. 4. İstanbul: MEB, 1964.
Tekin, Gönül A. Çengnâme: Ahmed-i Dâ‘î. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Üniversitesi Yakındoğu Dilleri ve Medeniyetleri Bölümü, 1992.
Tekin, Oğuz. “APK Kontrmarklı Tigranes Sikkeleri.” Muhibbe Darga Armağanı, hazırlayanlar Taner Tarhan, Aksel Tibet ve Erkan Konyar, 505-510. İstanbul: Sadberk Hanım Müzesi, 2008.
Thomson, Robert. “Armenian Literary Culture through the Eleventh Century.” Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 199-239. vol. 1. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
Tournefort, M. Pitton de. Relation d’un voyage du Levant. Paris: l’Imprimerie Royale, MDCCXVII [1717].
Tournefort, Joseph de. Tournefort Seyahatnamesi. Editör Stefanos Yerasimos. Çeviren Ali Berktay. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2005.
Trible, Phyllis. “Bringing Miriam Out of the Shadows.” A Feminist Companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy, 166-186. Guildford, Surrey: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.
Tsetskhaladze, Gocha R. “Kibele’nin Tapınak Kenti: Melbourne Üniversitesi’nin Pessinus’taki Yeni Araştırmaları.” Güneş Karadeniz’den Doğar: Sümer Atasoy’a Armağan Yazılar, hazırlayan Şevket Dönmez, 413-458. Ankara: Hel Yayıncılık, 2013.
Tuğlacı, Pars. Mehterhane’den Bando’ya. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1986.
Vermaseren, Maarten J. Cybele and Attis: The Myth and the Cult. Translated by A.M.H. Lemmers. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977.
Virolleaud, MM. Ch. – Fernand Pélagaud. “Assyrie et Chaldé: La musique Assyro-Babilonienne.” Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire, 35-48. Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1921.
Yahyâ Âgâh Efendi. Mecmû‘âtü’z-Zarâ‘if Sandûkatü’l-Ma‘ârif. Hazırlayan Mehmed Serhan Tayşi. İstanbul: Hassa Mimarlık, 2014.
Yıldırım, Tayfun. “Eski Hitit Çağına Ait Yeni Bir Kült Vazosu.” Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2005 Yıllığı (2006): 359-370.
Weitzmann, Kurt. Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illumination. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
Wellesz, Egon. A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography. London: Oxford University, 1961.
Xenophon. Anabasis. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson, edited by Jeffrey Henderson. Loeb Classical Library, 2001 (e-kitap).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 ZEMİN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
